How to identify Rufous Milkcap

To correctly identify Rufous Milkcap (Lactarius rufus), check each of these features in order. Misidentification is the most common cause of mushroom poisoning, so cross-reference multiple sources.

Step-by-step identification

1. 1

   Cap

   Shape, color, surface texture, and diameter.

   The cap is typically 4-10 cm in diameter, reddish-brown to rusty-brown, and often has a slightly depressed center. The surface is smooth and dry, and the margin is initially incurved, becoming straight with age.

2. 2

   Gills

   Attachment to stem, color, and spacing.

   The gills are adnate to slightly decurrent, crowded, and pale reddish-brown. When damaged, they exude a white latex that may stain brownish.

3. 3

   Stem

   Length, shape, surface, and any ring.

   The stem is cylindrical, 4-8 cm long, and 1-2 cm thick. It is typically the same color as the cap or slightly paler, and the surface is smooth.

4. 4

   Flesh

   Color, texture, and bruising reaction.

   The flesh is firm and whitish to pale reddish-brown. It has a peppery taste.

5. 5

   Fruiting body

   Overall growth pattern.

   The fruiting body of Lactarius rufus is a mushroom with a convex to flattened cap and a cylindrical stem. When damaged, it exudes a milky latex.

6. 6

   Habitat

   Where it grows and on what substrate.

   Lactarius rufus is commonly found in coniferous forests, often associated with pine trees. It grows on the ground, typically in mossy or needle-covered areas.

Key Facts

Cap surfaces

Smooth, dry

Growth Form

Mycorrhizal

Spore Print

Cream to pale yellow

Body color

Reddish-brown

Odor

Indistinct

Flesh bruises

No significant bruising

Height

4-8 cm

Cap Diameter

4-10 cm

Fruit body characteristics

• Gill attachment: Adnate to slightly decurrent
• Stem shape: Cylindrical
• Stem surface: Smooth
• Ring: Absent
• Stem cross-section: Solid

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